Économie mondiale

L’ économie mondiale ou l’ économie mondiale est l’ économie de tous les humains du monde, se référant au système économique mondial qui comprend toutes les activités économiques qui sont menées à la fois au sein et entre les nations , y compris la production , la consommation , la gestion économique , le travail en général, l’ échange des valeurs financières et des échanges de biens et services . ^{[1] [2]}Dans certains contextes, les deux termes sont distincts « international » ou « économie mondiale » mesurés séparément et distingués des économies nationales, tandis que « l’économie mondiale » est simplement un agrégat des mesures des différents pays. Au-delà de la norme minimale concernant la valeur de production, d’usage et d’échange, les définitions, représentations, modèles et valorisations de l’économie mondiale varient fortement. Elle est indissociable de la géographie et de l’écologie de la planète Terre .

Il est courant de limiter les questions de l’économie mondiale exclusivement à l’activité économique humaine et l’économie mondiale est généralement jugée en termes monétaires, même dans les cas où il n’existe pas de marché efficace pour aider à évaluer certains biens ou services, ou dans les cas où un le manque de recherche indépendante, de données authentiques ou de coopération gouvernementale rend difficile l’établissement de chiffres. Des exemples typiques sont les drogues illégales et autres produits du marché noir , qui, à tous points de vue, font partie de l’économie mondiale, mais pour lesquels il n’existe par définition aucun marché légal d’aucune sorte.

Cependant, même dans les cas où il existe un marché clair et efficace pour établir une valeur Monétaire , les économistes n’utilisent généralement pas le taux de change actuel ou officiel pour traduire les unités monétaires de ce marché en une seule unité pour l’économie mondiale puisque les taux de change ne reflètent généralement pas fidèlement la valeur mondiale , par exemple dans les cas où le volume ou le prix des transactions est étroitement réglementé par le gouvernement.

Au lieu de cela, les valorisations du marché dans une devise locale sont généralement converties en une seule unité Monétaire en utilisant l’idée de pouvoir d’achat . Il s’agit de la méthode utilisée ci-dessous, qui est utilisée pour estimer l’activité économique mondiale en dollars américains ou en euros réels . Cependant, l’économie mondiale peut être évaluée et exprimée de bien d’autres façons. On ne sait pas, par exemple, combien des 7,8 milliards d’habitants de la planète (en mars 2020 ) ^{[3] [4]} voient l’essentiel de leur activité économique reflétée dans ces évaluations.^[update]

Selon Maddison, jusqu’au milieu du XIXe siècle, la production mondiale était dominée par la Chine et l’Inde. Les vagues de révolution industrielle en Europe occidentale et en Amérique du Nord ont déplacé les actions vers l’hémisphère occidental. En 2022, les 18 pays ou collectifs suivants ont atteint une économie d’au moins 2 000 milliards de dollars américains en PIB en termes nominaux ou en PPA : Brésil , Canada , Chine , France , Allemagne , Inde , Indonésie , Italie , Japon , Corée du Sud , Mexique , Russie, l ‘ Arabie saoudite , l’ Espagne , la Turquie , le Royaume – Uni , les États – Unis et l ‘ Union européenne . ^{[5] [6]}

Malgré des niveaux élevés d’ investissements publics , la Banque mondiale a prédit que l’économie mondiale diminuerait de 5,2 % en 2020. Les villes représentent 80 % du PIB mondial et seraient donc les premières victimes de ce déclin. ^{[7] [8] [9]}

Aperçu

Économie mondiale par groupes de pays

Groupe de pays	Liste des groupes de pays par PIB (nominal) en 2022 (ou au niveau maximal)	Liste des groupes de pays par PIB (PPA) en 2022 (ou au niveau maximal)	Nombre de pays	Grandes économies
Valeur (en millions de dollars US)	Part du PIB mondial	Valeur (en millions de dollars US)	Part du PIB mondial
Principales économies avancées (G7)	45 107 745	43,4 %	49 365 287	30,8 %	7	États-Unis Japon Allemagne Royaume-Uni France Italie Canada
Asie émergente et en développement	27 008 220	26,0 %	53 075 051	33,1 %	30	Chine Inde Indonésie Thaïlande Viêt Nam Philippines Bengladesh Malaisie
Autres économies avancées (économies avancées hors G7)	14 140 022	13,6 %	18 082 059	11,3 %	33	Corée du Sud Espagne Australie Taïwan Pays-Bas Suisse Belgique Singapour Suède Irlande
Moyen-Orient et Asie centrale	6 011 585	5,8 %	11 869 342	7,4 %	32	Arabie Saoudite L’Iran Egypte Pakistan Emirats Arabes Unis Kazakhstan
Amérique latine et Caraïbes	5 462 553 (pic à 6 060 353 en 2013)	5,3 %	11 605 120	7,2 %	33	Brésil Mexique Argentine Colombie
Europe émergente et en développement	4 073 723 (pic à 4 573 783 en 2013)	3,9 %	11 199 561 (pic à 11 343 072 en 2021)	7,0 %	16	Russie Turquie Pologne Roumanie
Afrique sub-saharienne	2 063 261	2,0 %	5 047 744	3,2 %	45	Nigeria Afrique du Sud
Monde	103 867 109	100,0 %	160 244 164	100,0 %	196

Tableau de classement économique mondial actuel des plus grandes économies du monde par PIB et part de la croissance économique mondiale

Les 25 plus grandes économies en termes de PIB (nominal), les vingt plus grandes économies en termes de PIB ( PPA ) en 2022. Les membres des principales économies du G-20 sont en gras.

Liste des 25 plus grandes économies
par PIB (nominal) à leur niveau maximal en 2022 en millions de dollars US ^[5]

Liste des 25 plus grandes économies
en termes de PIB (PPA) à leur niveau maximal en 2022 en millions de dollars internationaux ^[5]

Liste des 25 économies ayant le
PIB (nominal) par habitant le plus élevé à leur niveau maximal en 2022 en dollars américains

Liste des 25 économies dont le
PIB (PPA) par habitant est le plus élevé à son niveau maximal en 2022 en Int$

Rang	Pays	Valeur	Année record
—	Monde	103 867 109	2022
1	États-Unis	25 346 805	2022
2	Chine	19 911 593	2022
—	Union européenne	19 226 235	2008
3	Japon	6 272 364	2012
4	Allemagne	4 256 540	2022
5	Royaume-Uni	3 376 003	2022
6	Inde	3 291 398	2022
7	France	2 936 702	2022
8	Brésil	2 614 027	2011
9	Italie	2 408 391	2008
dix	Russie	2 288 428	2013
11	Canada	2 221 218	2022
12	Corée du Sud	1 804 680	2022
13	Australie	1 748 334	2022
14	L’Iran	1 739 012	2022
15	Espagne	1 631 685	2008
16	Mexique	1 322 740	2022
17	Indonésie	1 289 295	2022
18	Arabie Saoudite	1 040 166	2022
19	Pays-Bas	1 018 684	2021
20	Turquie	957 504	2013
21	Suisse	841 969	2022
22	Taïwan	841 209	2022
23	Pologne	699 559	2022
24	Argentine	643 861	2017
25	Suède	627 438	2021

Rang	Pays	Valeur	Année record
—	Monde	160 244 164	2022
1	Chine	30 177 926	2022
2	États-Unis	25 346 805	2022
—	Union européenne	23 730 275	2022
3	Inde	11 745 260	2022
4	Japon	6 110 075	2022
5	Allemagne	5 269 963	2022
6	Russie	4 490 456	2021
7	Indonésie	3 995 064	2022
8	Royaume-Uni	3 751 845	2022
9	Brésil	3 680 942	2022
dix	France	3 677 579	2022
11	Turquie	3 212 072	2022
12	Italie	2 972 091	2022
13	Mexique	2 890 685	2022
14	Corée du Sud	2 735 870	2022
15	Canada	2 236 928	2022
16	Espagne	2 209 419	2022
17	Arabie Saoudite	2 002 542	2022
18	Australie	1 605 196	2022
19	Taïwan	1 603 723	2022
20	Pologne	1 575 777	2022
21	L’Iran	1 573 467	2022
22	Egypte	1 562 377	2022
23	Thaïlande	1 475 656	2022
24	Pakistan	1 468 862	2022
25	Viêt Nam	1 278 061	2022

Rang	Pays	Valeur	Année record
1	Luxembourg	136 701	2021
2	Norvège	102 577	2013
3	Qatar	101 933	2012
4	Irlande	101 509	2022
5	Suisse	96 390	2022
6	Macao	86 298	2014
7	Brunéi	79 816	2022
8	Singapour	79 576	2022
9	Saint Marin	79 110	2008
dix	États-Unis	76 027	2022
11	Islande	75 374	2018
12	Australie	68 441	2012
13	Danemark	68 094	2022
14	Suède	60 845	2013
15	Pays-Bas	58 292	2021
16	Canada	57 406	2022
17	Israël	54 688	2022
18	Finlande	54 008	2021
19	L’Autriche	53 371	2022
20	Belgique	52 485	2022
21	Andorre	51 957	2011
22	Allemagne	51 104	2022
23	Royaume-Uni	50 676	2007
24	Emirats Arabes Unis	50 349	2022
25	Hong Kong	49 850	2022

Rang	Pays	Valeur	Année record
1	Qatar	169 698	2012
2	Macao	145 947	2013
3	Luxembourg	140 694	2022
4	Singapour	131 580	2022
5	Irlande	124 596	2022
6	Emirats Arabes Unis	110 145	2004
7	Brunéi	88 312	2012
8	Suisse	84 658	2022
9	Norvège	77 808	2022
dix	États-Unis	76 027	2022
11	Saint Marin	75 030	2008
12	Koweit	72 736	2012
13	Hong Kong	70 448	2022
14	Danemark	69 273	2022
15	Taïwan	68 730	2022
16	Pays-Bas	68 572	2022
18	L’Autriche	64 751	2022
17	Islande	64 621	2022
19	Andorre	63 600	2022
20	Allemagne	63 271	2022
21	Suède	62 926	2022
22	Australie	61 941	2022
23	Belgique	61 587	2022
22	Finlande	58 010	2022
25	Canada	57 812	2022

Vingt plus grandes économies du monde en termes de PIB nominal

The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year according to the International Monetary Fund.^[5]
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2027
1	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States
2	Japan	Japan	Japan	Japan	Japan	Japan	China	China	China	China	China
3	Soviet Union	Soviet Union	West Germany	Germany	Germany	Germany	Japan	Japan	Japan	Japan	Japan
4	West Germany	West Germany	France	France	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	Germany	Germany	Germany	Germany	Germany
5	France	France	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	France	China	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	India	India
6	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	Soviet Union	Italy	Italy	France	France	France	France	United Kingdom	United Kingdom
7	Italy	Italy	Italy	Brazil	China	Italy	Italy	Brazil	India	France	France
8	China	Canada	Canada	China	Brazil	Canada	Brazil	Italy	Brazil	Brazil	Canada
9	Canada	China	Iran	Spain	Canada	Spain	Russia	Russia	Italy	Canada	Brazil
dix	Argentine	Mexique	Espagne	Canada	Mexique	Corée du Sud	Inde	Inde	Russie	Italie	Italy
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2027
11	Espagne	Inde	Chine	L’Iran	Espagne	Brésil	Espagne	Canada	Canada	Russie	Corée du Sud
12	Mexique	Argentine	Brésil	Corée du Sud	Corée du Sud	Mexique	Canada	Espagne	Corée du Sud	Corée du Sud	Russie
13	Pays-Bas	Espagne	Inde	Mexique	L’Iran	Inde	Australie	Australie	Espagne	Australie	Australie
14	Inde	Brésil	Australie	Pays-Bas	Inde	Russie	Corée du Sud	Corée du Sud	Australie	L’Iran	L’Iran
15	Arabie Saoudite	Australie	Pays-Bas	Australie	Pays-Bas	Australie	Mexique	Mexique	Mexique	Espagne	Indonésie
16	Australie	Pays-Bas	Mexique	Inde	Russie	Pays-Bas	Pays-Bas	Turquie	Indonésie	Indonésie	Espagne
17	Brésil	Arabie Saoudite	Corée du Sud	Suisse	Australie	L’Iran	Turquie	Pays-Bas	Turquie	Mexique	Mexique
18	Suède	L’Iran	Suisse	Russie	Suisse	Turquie	Indonésie	Indonésie	Pays-Bas	Pays-Bas	Pays-Bas
19	Belgique	Suède	Suède	Argentine	Argentine	Suisse	Suisse	Arabie Saoudite	L’Iran	Arabie Saoudite	Turquie
20	Suisse	Belgique	Argentine	Belgique	Taïwan	Suède	L’Iran	Suisse	Arabie Saoudite	Taïwan	Arabie Saoudite

Vingt plus grandes économies du monde par PIB (PPA)

Liste des vingt plus grandes économies par PIB basée sur la parité de pouvoir d’achat à la valeur maximale à partir de l’année spécifique selon le Fonds Monétaire international et le CIA World Factbook . ^{[5] [10]}
Rang	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2027
1	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis	Chine	Chine	Chine
2	Union soviétique	Union soviétique	Union soviétique	Japon	Chine	Chine	Chine	Chine	États-Unis	États-Unis	États-Unis
3	Japon	Japon	Japon	Chine	Japon	Japon	Inde	Inde	Inde	Inde	Inde
4	Allemagne de l’Ouest	Allemagne de l’Ouest	Allemagne de l’Ouest	Allemagne	Allemagne	Inde	Japon	Japon	Japon	Japon	Japon
5	Italie	Italie	Italie	Russie	Inde	Allemagne	Allemagne	Allemagne	Allemagne	Allemagne	Allemagne
6	France	France	France	India	France	Russia	Russia	Russia	Russia	Indonesia	Indonesia
7	Brazil	Brazil	China	Italy	Italy	France	Brazil	Brazil	Indonesia	Russia	Russia
8	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	France	United Kingdom	Brazil	France	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom
9	Saudi Arabia	China	Brazil	Brazil	Russia	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	France	Brazil	Brazil	Brazil
10	Mexico	India	India	United Kingdom	Brazil	Italy	Italy	Indonesia	France	France	France
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2027
11	India	Mexico	Mexico	Mexico	Mexico	Mexico	Indonesia	Italy	Italy	Turkey	Turkey
12	China	Saudi Arabia	Spain	Indonesia	Indonesia	Indonesia	Mexico	Mexico	Mexico	Italy	Mexico
13	Spain	Canada	Canada	Spain	Spain	Spain	South Korea	Turkey	Turkey	Mexico	Italy
14	Canada	Spain	Indonesia	Saudi Arabia	Canada	Canada	Spain	South Korea	South Korea	South Korea	South Korea
15	Iran	Iran	Saudi Arabia	Canada	Saudi Arabia	South Korea	Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	Spain	Spain	Spain
16	Indonesia	Indonesia	Iran	Iran	South Korea	Saudi Arabia	Iran	Spain	Canada	Canada	Canada
17	Argentina	Turkey	Turkey	South Korea	Iran	Iran	Canada	Canada	Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia
18	Poland	Australia	Australia	Turkey	Turkey	Turkey	Turkey	Iran	Iran	Egypt	Egypt
19	Netherlands	Netherlands	South Korea	Australia	Australia	Australia	Australia	Australia	Australia	Poland	Pakistan
20	Turkey	Argentina	Netherlands	Thailand	Netherlands	Thailand	Taiwan	Taiwan	Thailand	Taiwan	Poland

Statistical indicators

Learn more This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020)

Finance

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.

>$60,000 $50,000 – $60,000 $40,000 – $50,000 $30,000 – $40,000

$20,000 – $30,000 $10,000 – $20,000 $5,000 – $10,000 $2,500 – $5,000

$1,000 – $2,500 <$1,000 No data

Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse

GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002). The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world:,^[11] this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). According to the World Bank, the 2013 nominal GWP was approximately US$75.59 trillion. In 2017, according to the CIA’s World Factbook, the GWP was around US$80.27 trillion in nominal terms and totaled approximately 127.8 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita PPP GWP in 2017 was approximately Int$17,500 according to the World Factbook.
GDP (GWP) (gross world product):^[12] (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates have increased from the 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world advancement in terms of technology.
GDP^[13] (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
- Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the Developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% 2018 due to the fall of dollar value.
- Developing countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation’s GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country’s claim of itself being “developing”. The GDP of the Developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
- Least Developed countries. The least Developed countries (LDCs) is a list of Developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)^[14]
GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third world countries (2003):
- World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);^[15]
- Developed Economies 1% to 4% typically
- Developing countries 5% to 60% typically
- Least Developed countries 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)^[15]
Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([1])
Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([2])
Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Employment

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale) World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003 GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries

Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; Developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

Industries

Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

Energy

Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year

Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),^[16] 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
Oil – production: 79,650,000 bbl/d (12,663,000 m³/d) (2003 est.), 75,460,000 barrels per day (11,997,000 m³/d) (2001)
Oil – consumption: 80,100,000 bbl/d (12,730,000 m³/d) (2003 est.), 76,210,000 barrels per day (12,116,000 m³/d) (2001)
Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km³) (2001 est.)
Natural gas – production: 3,366 km³ (2012 est.),^[17] 2,569 km³ (2001 est.)
Natural gas – consumption: 2,556 km³ (2001 est.)
Natural gas – proved reserves: 161,200 km³ (1 January 2002)

Cross-border

Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gift economy

Yearly economic aid – recipient: net Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $135.2 billion (2014)^[18]

Communications

Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)^[19]
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [3]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000^[20])

Transport

Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

Airports
- Total: 41,821 (2013)^[21]
Roadways (in kilometres)
- Total: 32,345,165 km
- Paved: 19,403,061 km
- Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)
Railways
- Total: 1,122,650 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km in North America.^{[dubious – discuss]}

Military

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI.

World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion^[22]
Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

Science, research and development

Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.

The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.^[23] In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the Global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.^[24] Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.

Resources and environment

Shown is how the global material footprint and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes changed compared with Global GDP. ^[25] Deforestation (net loss) of tropical rainforest and woodland over time, 1750-2004

Forests (carbon sinks, wood, Ecosystem services, …)
- Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion^[26][27]
- Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
- Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares^[28]
Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
- Soils (carbon sink, Ecosystem services, food production, …)
  - Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)^[29]
  - Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)^[30]
  - Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)^[31]
  - Environmental impact of pesticides
    - Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes^[32]
Oceans (Ecosystem services, food production, …): Blue economy
Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on Ecosystem services)
- As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being “dumped in landfills or the natural environment”.^[33]
- Air pollution
  - Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million^[34][35][36]
  - Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion^[37][38][39]
- Microplastic pollution
  - Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons^[40]
  - Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter^[40]

Learn more This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2020)

From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.^[41]

Historical development

Estimations of world population and GDP from a 2020 research paper^[42]
Year	Population (million)	GDP per capita (1990 $ in PPP)	GDP in billion (1990 $ in PPP)
1000000 BCE	0.125	400	0.05
300000 BCE	1	400	0.40
25000 BCE	3.34	400	1.34
10000 BCE	4	400	1.60
5000 BCE	5	404	2.02
4000 BCE	7	409	2.87
3000 BCE	14	421	5.90
2000 BCE	27	433	11.7
1000 BCE	50	444	22.2
500 BCE	100	457	45.7
200 BCE	150	465	69.7
1	168	467	78.4
200	190	463	88.0
400	190	463	88.0
500	190	463	88.0
600	200	462	92.3
700	210	460	96.6
800	220	459	101
900	240	456	109
1000	265	453	120
1100	320	512	164
1200	360	551	198
1300	360	551	198
1400	350	541	190
1500	438	625	274
1600	556	629	350
1700	603	658	397
1820	1,042	712	741
1870	1,276	884	1,128
1900	1,563
1913	1,793	1,543	2,767
1920	1,863
1940	2,299	2,181	5,013
1950	2,528	2,104	5,318
1960	3,042	2,764	12,170
1970	3,691	3,725	13,751
1980	4,440	4,511	20,026
1990	5,269	5,149	27,133
2000	6,077	6,057	36,806
2010	6,873	7,814	53,704
2019	7,620	9,663	73,640

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.

Legend
Explained by: Housing Explained by: Income Explained by: Jobs	Explained by: Community Explained by: Education Explained by: Environment	Explained by: Civic engagement Explained by: Health Explained by: Life Satisfaction	Explained by: Safety Explained by: Work-life balance
OECD Better Life Index rankings for 2016
Overall Rank ^[43]	Country	Housing	Income	Jobs	Community	Education	Environment	Civic engagement	Health	Life Satisfaction	Safety	Work-life balance
1	Norway
2	Australia
3	Denmark
4	Switzerland
5	Canada
6	Sweden
7	New Zealand
8	Finland
9	United States
10	Iceland
11	Netherlands
12	Germany
13	Luxembourg
14	Belgium
15	Austria
16	United Kingdom
17	Ireland
18	France
19	Spain
20	Slovenia
21	Czech Republic
22	Estonia
23	Japan
24	Slovakia
25	Italy
26	Israel
27	Poland
28	South Korea
29	Portugal
30	Latvia
31	Greece
32	Hungary
33	Russia
34	Chile
35	Brazil
36	Turkey
37	Mexico
38	South Africa

The index includes 11 comparable “dimensions” of well-being:^[44]

Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. Real estate pricing)
Income: Household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
Community: quality of social support network
Education: education and what one gets out of it
Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
Governance: involvement in democracy
Health
Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
Safety: murder and assault rates
Work-life balance

Economic studies

To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

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Liens externes

Wikiquote a des citations liées à l’ économie mondiale .

OCDE – Perspectives économiques
Bureau of Labor and Statistics des États-Unis, Principaux indicateurs économiques
FMI – Perspectives de l’économie mondiale
UN DESA – Publications sur l’économie mondiale
CIA – Le World Factbook – Monde
Formation professionnelle pour une économie mondiale
Rapport spécial de BBC News – Économie mondiale
Rapport spécial du Guardian – Économie mondiale
Statistiques récapitulatives du commerce de la Banque mondiale pour le monde