Économie mondiale
L’ économie mondiale ou l’ économie mondiale est l’ économie de tous les humains du monde, se référant au système économique mondial qui comprend toutes les activités économiques qui sont menées à la fois au sein et entre les nations , y compris la production , la consommation , la gestion économique , le travail en général, l’ échange des valeurs financières et des échanges de biens et services . [1] [2]Dans certains contextes, les deux termes sont distincts « international » ou « économie mondiale » mesurés séparément et distingués des économies nationales, tandis que « l’économie mondiale » est simplement un agrégat des mesures des différents pays. Au-delà de la norme minimale concernant la valeur de production, d’usage et d’échange, les définitions, représentations, modèles et valorisations de l’économie mondiale varient fortement. Elle est indissociable de la géographie et de l’écologie de la planète Terre .
Il est courant de limiter les questions de l’économie mondiale exclusivement à l’activité économique humaine et l’économie mondiale est généralement jugée en termes monétaires, même dans les cas où il n’existe pas de marché efficace pour aider à évaluer certains biens ou services, ou dans les cas où un le manque de recherche indépendante, de données authentiques ou de coopération gouvernementale rend difficile l’établissement de chiffres. Des exemples typiques sont les drogues illégales et autres produits du marché noir , qui, à tous points de vue, font partie de l’économie mondiale, mais pour lesquels il n’existe par définition aucun marché légal d’aucune sorte.
Cependant, même dans les cas où il existe un marché clair et efficace pour établir une valeur Monétaire , les économistes n’utilisent généralement pas le taux de change actuel ou officiel pour traduire les unités monétaires de ce marché en une seule unité pour l’économie mondiale puisque les taux de change ne reflètent généralement pas fidèlement la valeur mondiale , par exemple dans les cas où le volume ou le prix des transactions est étroitement réglementé par le gouvernement.
Au lieu de cela, les valorisations du marché dans une devise locale sont généralement converties en une seule unité Monétaire en utilisant l’idée de pouvoir d’achat . Il s’agit de la méthode utilisée ci-dessous, qui est utilisée pour estimer l’activité économique mondiale en dollars américains ou en euros réels . Cependant, l’économie mondiale peut être évaluée et exprimée de bien d’autres façons. On ne sait pas, par exemple, combien des 7,8 milliards d’habitants de la planète (en mars 2020 ) [3] [4] voient l’essentiel de leur activité économique reflétée dans ces évaluations.[update]
Selon Maddison, jusqu’au milieu du XIXe siècle, la production mondiale était dominée par la Chine et l’Inde. Les vagues de révolution industrielle en Europe occidentale et en Amérique du Nord ont déplacé les actions vers l’hémisphère occidental. En 2022, les 18 pays ou collectifs suivants ont atteint une économie d’au moins 2 000 milliards de dollars américains en PIB en termes nominaux ou en PPA : Brésil , Canada , Chine , France , Allemagne , Inde , Indonésie , Italie , Japon , Corée du Sud , Mexique , Russie, l ‘ Arabie saoudite , l’ Espagne , la Turquie , le Royaume – Uni , les États – Unis et l ‘ Union européenne . [5] [6]
Malgré des niveaux élevés d’ investissements publics , la Banque mondiale a prédit que l’économie mondiale diminuerait de 5,2 % en 2020. Les villes représentent 80 % du PIB mondial et seraient donc les premières victimes de ce déclin. [7] [8] [9]
Aperçu
Économie mondiale par groupes de pays
Groupe de pays | Liste des groupes de pays par PIB (nominal) en 2022 (ou au niveau maximal) |
Liste des groupes de pays par PIB (PPA) en 2022 (ou au niveau maximal) |
Nombre de pays |
Grandes économies | ||
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Valeur (en millions de dollars US) |
Part du PIB mondial |
Valeur (en millions de dollars US) |
Part du PIB mondial |
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Principales économies avancées (G7) | 45 107 745 | 43,4 % | 49 365 287 | 30,8 % | 7 | États-Unis Japon Allemagne Royaume-Uni France Italie Canada |
Asie émergente et en développement | 27 008 220 | 26,0 % | 53 075 051 | 33,1 % | 30 | Chine Inde Indonésie Thaïlande Viêt Nam Philippines Bengladesh Malaisie |
Autres économies avancées (économies avancées hors G7) |
14 140 022 | 13,6 % | 18 082 059 | 11,3 % | 33 | Corée du Sud Espagne Australie Taïwan Pays-Bas Suisse Belgique Singapour Suède Irlande |
Moyen-Orient et Asie centrale | 6 011 585 | 5,8 % | 11 869 342 | 7,4 % | 32 | Arabie Saoudite L’Iran Egypte Pakistan Emirats Arabes Unis Kazakhstan |
Amérique latine et Caraïbes | 5 462 553 (pic à 6 060 353 en 2013) |
5,3 % | 11 605 120 | 7,2 % | 33 | Brésil Mexique Argentine Colombie |
Europe émergente et en développement | 4 073 723 (pic à 4 573 783 en 2013) |
3,9 % | 11 199 561 (pic à 11 343 072 en 2021) |
7,0 % | 16 | Russie Turquie Pologne Roumanie |
Afrique sub-saharienne | 2 063 261 | 2,0 % | 5 047 744 | 3,2 % | 45 | Nigeria Afrique du Sud |
Monde | 103 867 109 | 100,0 % | 160 244 164 | 100,0 % | 196 |
Tableau de classement économique mondial actuel des plus grandes économies du monde par PIB et part de la croissance économique mondiale
Les 25 plus grandes économies en termes de PIB (nominal), les vingt plus grandes économies en termes de PIB ( PPA ) en 2022. Les membres des principales économies du G-20 sont en gras. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Liste des 25 plus grandes économies par PIB (nominal) à leur niveau maximal en 2022 en millions de dollars US [5] |
Liste des 25 plus grandes économies en termes de PIB (PPA) à leur niveau maximal en 2022 en millions de dollars internationaux [5] |
Liste des 25 économies ayant le PIB (nominal) par habitant le plus élevé à leur niveau maximal en 2022 en dollars américains |
Liste des 25 économies dont le PIB (PPA) par habitant est le plus élevé à son niveau maximal en 2022 en Int$ |
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Vingt plus grandes économies du monde en termes de PIB nominal
The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year according to the International Monetary Fund.[5] | |||||||||||
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Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2027 |
1 | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States | United States |
2 | Japan | Japan | Japan | Japan | Japan | Japan | China | China | China | China | China |
3 | Soviet Union | Soviet Union | West Germany | Germany | Germany | Germany | Japan | Japan | Japan | Japan | Japan |
4 | West Germany | West Germany | France | France | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Germany | Germany | Germany | Germany | Germany |
5 | France | France | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | France | China | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | India | India |
6 | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Soviet Union | Italy | Italy | France | France | France | France | United Kingdom | United Kingdom |
7 | Italy | Italy | Italy | Brazil | China | Italy | Italy | Brazil | India | France | France |
8 | China | Canada | Canada | China | Brazil | Canada | Brazil | Italy | Brazil | Brazil | Canada |
9 | Canada | China | Iran | Spain | Canada | Spain | Russia | Russia | Italy | Canada | Brazil |
dix | Argentine | Mexique | Espagne | Canada | Mexique | Corée du Sud | Inde | Inde | Russie | Italie | Italy |
Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2027 |
11 | Espagne | Inde | Chine | L’Iran | Espagne | Brésil | Espagne | Canada | Canada | Russie | Corée du Sud |
12 | Mexique | Argentine | Brésil | Corée du Sud | Corée du Sud | Mexique | Canada | Espagne | Corée du Sud | Corée du Sud | Russie |
13 | Pays-Bas | Espagne | Inde | Mexique | L’Iran | Inde | Australie | Australie | Espagne | Australie | Australie |
14 | Inde | Brésil | Australie | Pays-Bas | Inde | Russie | Corée du Sud | Corée du Sud | Australie | L’Iran | L’Iran |
15 | Arabie Saoudite | Australie | Pays-Bas | Australie | Pays-Bas | Australie | Mexique | Mexique | Mexique | Espagne | Indonésie |
16 | Australie | Pays-Bas | Mexique | Inde | Russie | Pays-Bas | Pays-Bas | Turquie | Indonésie | Indonésie | Espagne |
17 | Brésil | Arabie Saoudite | Corée du Sud | Suisse | Australie | L’Iran | Turquie | Pays-Bas | Turquie | Mexique | Mexique |
18 | Suède | L’Iran | Suisse | Russie | Suisse | Turquie | Indonésie | Indonésie | Pays-Bas | Pays-Bas | Pays-Bas |
19 | Belgique | Suède | Suède | Argentine | Argentine | Suisse | Suisse | Arabie Saoudite | L’Iran | Arabie Saoudite | Turquie |
20 | Suisse | Belgique | Argentine | Belgique | Taïwan | Suède | L’Iran | Suisse | Arabie Saoudite | Taïwan | Arabie Saoudite |
Vingt plus grandes économies du monde par PIB (PPA)
Liste des vingt plus grandes économies par PIB basée sur la parité de pouvoir d’achat à la valeur maximale à partir de l’année spécifique selon le Fonds Monétaire international et le CIA World Factbook . [5] [10] | |||||||||||
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Rang | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2027 |
1 | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis | Chine | Chine | Chine |
2 | Union soviétique | Union soviétique | Union soviétique | Japon | Chine | Chine | Chine | Chine | États-Unis | États-Unis | États-Unis |
3 | Japon | Japon | Japon | Chine | Japon | Japon | Inde | Inde | Inde | Inde | Inde |
4 | Allemagne de l’Ouest | Allemagne de l’Ouest | Allemagne de l’Ouest | Allemagne | Allemagne | Inde | Japon | Japon | Japon | Japon | Japon |
5 | Italie | Italie | Italie | Russie | Inde | Allemagne | Allemagne | Allemagne | Allemagne | Allemagne | Allemagne |
6 | France | France | France | India | France | Russia | Russia | Russia | Russia | Indonesia | Indonesia |
7 | Brazil | Brazil | China | Italy | Italy | France | Brazil | Brazil | Indonesia | Russia | Russia |
8 | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | France | United Kingdom | Brazil | France | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | United Kingdom |
9 | Saudi Arabia | China | Brazil | Brazil | Russia | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | France | Brazil | Brazil | Brazil |
10 | Mexico | India | India | United Kingdom | Brazil | Italy | Italy | Indonesia | France | France | France |
Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2027 |
11 | India | Mexico | Mexico | Mexico | Mexico | Mexico | Indonesia | Italy | Italy | Turkey | Turkey |
12 | China | Saudi Arabia | Spain | Indonesia | Indonesia | Indonesia | Mexico | Mexico | Mexico | Italy | Mexico |
13 | Spain | Canada | Canada | Spain | Spain | Spain | South Korea | Turkey | Turkey | Mexico | Italy |
14 | Canada | Spain | Indonesia | Saudi Arabia | Canada | Canada | Spain | South Korea | South Korea | South Korea | South Korea |
15 | Iran | Iran | Saudi Arabia | Canada | Saudi Arabia | South Korea | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia | Spain | Spain | Spain |
16 | Indonesia | Indonesia | Iran | Iran | South Korea | Saudi Arabia | Iran | Spain | Canada | Canada | Canada |
17 | Argentina | Turkey | Turkey | South Korea | Iran | Iran | Canada | Canada | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia |
18 | Poland | Australia | Australia | Turkey | Turkey | Turkey | Turkey | Iran | Iran | Egypt | Egypt |
19 | Netherlands | Netherlands | South Korea | Australia | Australia | Australia | Australia | Australia | Australia | Poland | Pakistan |
20 | Turkey | Argentina | Netherlands | Thailand | Netherlands | Thailand | Taiwan | Taiwan | Thailand | Taiwan | Poland |
Statistical indicators
Learn more This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020) |
Finance
Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.
>$60,000 $50,000 – $60,000 $40,000 – $50,000 $30,000 – $40,000 | $20,000 – $30,000 $10,000 – $20,000 $5,000 – $10,000 $2,500 – $5,000 | $1,000 – $2,500 <$1,000 No data |
Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse
- GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002). The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world:,[11] this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). According to the World Bank, the 2013 nominal GWP was approximately US$75.59 trillion. In 2017, according to the CIA’s World Factbook, the GWP was around US$80.27 trillion in nominal terms and totaled approximately 127.8 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita PPP GWP in 2017 was approximately Int$17,500 according to the World Factbook.
- GDP (GWP) (gross world product):[12] (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates have increased from the 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world advancement in terms of technology.
- GDP[13] (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
- Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the Developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% 2018 due to the fall of dollar value.
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- Developing countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation’s GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country’s claim of itself being “developing”. The GDP of the Developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
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- Least Developed countries. The least Developed countries (LDCs) is a list of Developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
- GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
- World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)[14]
- GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third world countries (2003):
- World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);[15]
- Developed Economies 1% to 4% typically
- Developing countries 5% to 60% typically
- Least Developed countries 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)[15]
- Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([1])
- Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([2])
- Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
- Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
Employment
World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale) World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003 GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries
- Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; Developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.
Industries
- Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)
Energy
Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year
- Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),[16] 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
- Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
- Oil – production: 79,650,000 bbl/d (12,663,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 75,460,000 barrels per day (11,997,000 m3/d) (2001)
- Oil – consumption: 80,100,000 bbl/d (12,730,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 76,210,000 barrels per day (12,116,000 m3/d) (2001)
- Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km3) (2001 est.)
- Natural gas – production: 3,366 km3 (2012 est.),[17] 2,569 km3 (2001 est.)
- Natural gas – consumption: 2,556 km3 (2001 est.)
- Natural gas – proved reserves: 161,200 km3 (1 January 2002)
Cross-border
- Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
- Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
- Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
- Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
- Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
- Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
- Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Gift economy
- Yearly economic aid – recipient: net Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $135.2 billion (2014)[18]
Communications
Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)
- Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[19]
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
- Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [3]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000[20])
Transport
Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:
- Airports
- Total: 41,821 (2013)[21]
- Roadways (in kilometres)
- Total: 32,345,165 km
- Paved: 19,403,061 km
- Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)
- Railways
- Total: 1,122,650 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km in North America.[dubious – discuss]
Military
A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI.
- World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion[22]
- Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).
Science, research and development
Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.
The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.[23] In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the Global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.[24] Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.
Resources and environment
Shown is how the global material footprint and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes changed compared with Global GDP. [25] Deforestation (net loss) of tropical rainforest and woodland over time, 1750-2004
- Forests (carbon sinks, wood, Ecosystem services, …)
- Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion[26][27]
- Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
- Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares[28]
- Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
- Soils (carbon sink, Ecosystem services, food production, …)
- Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)[29]
- Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)[30]
- Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)[31]
- Environmental impact of pesticides
- Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes[32]
- Soils (carbon sink, Ecosystem services, food production, …)
- Oceans (Ecosystem services, food production, …): Blue economy
- Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on Ecosystem services)
- As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being “dumped in landfills or the natural environment”.[33]
- Air pollution
- Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million[34][35][36]
- Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion[37][38][39]
- Microplastic pollution
- Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons[40]
- Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter[40]
Learn more This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2020) |
From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.[41]
Historical development
Estimations of world population and GDP from a 2020 research paper[42] | |||
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Year | Population (million) |
GDP per capita (1990 $ in PPP) |
GDP in billion (1990 $ in PPP) |
1000000 BCE | 0.125 | 400 | 0.05 |
300000 BCE | 1 | 400 | 0.40 |
25000 BCE | 3.34 | 400 | 1.34 |
10000 BCE | 4 | 400 | 1.60 |
5000 BCE | 5 | 404 | 2.02 |
4000 BCE | 7 | 409 | 2.87 |
3000 BCE | 14 | 421 | 5.90 |
2000 BCE | 27 | 433 | 11.7 |
1000 BCE | 50 | 444 | 22.2 |
500 BCE | 100 | 457 | 45.7 |
200 BCE | 150 | 465 | 69.7 |
1 | 168 | 467 | 78.4 |
200 | 190 | 463 | 88.0 |
400 | 190 | 463 | 88.0 |
500 | 190 | 463 | 88.0 |
600 | 200 | 462 | 92.3 |
700 | 210 | 460 | 96.6 |
800 | 220 | 459 | 101 |
900 | 240 | 456 | 109 |
1000 | 265 | 453 | 120 |
1100 | 320 | 512 | 164 |
1200 | 360 | 551 | 198 |
1300 | 360 | 551 | 198 |
1400 | 350 | 541 | 190 |
1500 | 438 | 625 | 274 |
1600 | 556 | 629 | 350 |
1700 | 603 | 658 | 397 |
1820 | 1,042 | 712 | 741 |
1870 | 1,276 | 884 | 1,128 |
1900 | 1,563 | ||
1913 | 1,793 | 1,543 | 2,767 |
1920 | 1,863 | ||
1940 | 2,299 | 2,181 | 5,013 |
1950 | 2,528 | 2,104 | 5,318 |
1960 | 3,042 | 2,764 | 12,170 |
1970 | 3,691 | 3,725 | 13,751 |
1980 | 4,440 | 4,511 | 20,026 |
1990 | 5,269 | 5,149 | 27,133 |
2000 | 6,077 | 6,057 | 36,806 |
2010 | 6,873 | 7,814 | 53,704 |
2019 | 7,620 | 9,663 | 73,640 |
One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.
Legend | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explained by: Housing Explained by: Income Explained by: Jobs | Explained by: Community Explained by: Education Explained by: Environment | Explained by: Civic engagement Explained by: Health Explained by: Life Satisfaction | Explained by: Safety Explained by: Work-life balance | |||||||||
OECD Better Life Index rankings for 2016 | ||||||||||||
Overall Rank [43] |
Country | Housing | Income | Jobs | Community | Education | Environment | Civic engagement | Health | Life Satisfaction | Safety | Work-life balance |
1 | Norway | |||||||||||
2 | Australia | |||||||||||
3 | Denmark | |||||||||||
4 | Switzerland | |||||||||||
5 | Canada | |||||||||||
6 | Sweden | |||||||||||
7 | New Zealand | |||||||||||
8 | Finland | |||||||||||
9 | United States | |||||||||||
10 | Iceland | |||||||||||
11 | Netherlands | |||||||||||
12 | Germany | |||||||||||
13 | Luxembourg | |||||||||||
14 | Belgium | |||||||||||
15 | Austria | |||||||||||
16 | United Kingdom | |||||||||||
17 | Ireland | |||||||||||
18 | France | |||||||||||
19 | Spain | |||||||||||
20 | Slovenia | |||||||||||
21 | Czech Republic | |||||||||||
22 | Estonia | |||||||||||
23 | Japan | |||||||||||
24 | Slovakia | |||||||||||
25 | Italy | |||||||||||
26 | Israel | |||||||||||
27 | Poland | |||||||||||
28 | South Korea | |||||||||||
29 | Portugal | |||||||||||
30 | Latvia | |||||||||||
31 | Greece | |||||||||||
32 | Hungary | |||||||||||
33 | Russia | |||||||||||
34 | Chile | |||||||||||
35 | Brazil | |||||||||||
36 | Turkey | |||||||||||
37 | Mexico | |||||||||||
38 | South Africa |
The index includes 11 comparable “dimensions” of well-being:[44]
- Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. Real estate pricing)
- Income: Household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
- Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
- Community: quality of social support network
- Education: education and what one gets out of it
- Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
- Governance: involvement in democracy
- Health
- Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
- Safety: murder and assault rates
- Work-life balance
Economic studies
To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.
See also
- Economics portal
- World portal
- Anarchy (international relations)
- Capitalism
- Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (book)
- Economic bubble
- Economic collapse
- Emerging and growth-leading economies
- Fourth Industrial Revolution
- Global financial system
- Global workforce
- Globality
- Globalization
- International trade
- Trade route
- Overconsumption
- Petrodollar recycling
- World Trade Report
- World history
- Economic history of the world
- World-systems theory
Regional economies:
- Economy of Africa
- Economy of Asia
- Economy of Europe
- Economy of North America
- Economy of Oceania
- Economy of South America
Events:
- Great Recession
- World oil market chronology from 2003
- Financial crisis of 2007–2008
- 2007–2008 world food price crisis
- Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Lists:
- List of countries by GDP sector composition
- List of world’s largest economies (nominal) – based on current currency market exchange rates
- List of world’s largest economies (PPP) – based on purchasing power parity
- Historical list of world’s largest economies (PPP) – for the years between 1 and 1998
- List of world production
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Liens externes
Wikiquote a des citations liées à l’ économie mondiale . |
- OCDE – Perspectives économiques
- Bureau of Labor and Statistics des États-Unis, Principaux indicateurs économiques
- FMI – Perspectives de l’économie mondiale
- UN DESA – Publications sur l’économie mondiale
- CIA – Le World Factbook – Monde
- Formation professionnelle pour une économie mondiale
- Rapport spécial de BBC News – Économie mondiale
- Rapport spécial du Guardian – Économie mondiale
- Statistiques récapitulatives du commerce de la Banque mondiale pour le monde